In 1714, by order of Peter the Great, the Apothecary Garden was founded to grow herbs for making pharmaceuticals. The garden was located on the banks of the Karpovka river. Later, it would become a major research and educational institution the Botanic Garden and the Botanic Museum.

The basis of the richest collections of the museum (more than 80 thousand items) became the herbariums of Czar Peter's Kunstkammer and the collections of many Russian botanists and travelers, including Nikolai Przhevalsky, Grigory Potanin, Vsevolod Roborovsky and Vladimir Komarov after whom the museum was named.

The exhibits of the museum are connected with four subjects: plants of the Earth, history and evolution of plants, plant resources of Russia, plants and people. The direct continuation of the museum collections are the "live" collections of the Botanic Garden. Here, in the open soil, plants of moderate climatic zones grow, while the plants of the Caucasus, the Mediterranean region, Central Asia and Northern America can be seen on the "Alpine hills". In any season, the visitors can see the exotic scenery of the tropical and subtropical forests and savannas in the conservatories.

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